Pharmacy Packaging and Inserts

Issues of Concern

Although intended to act as safeguards for the patient, pharmaceutical packaging may hinder medical adherence. With child-resistant and tamper-evident packaging, many individuals face difficulties in opening the prescription packaging, discouraging them from taking their medications. Difficulties opening pharmacy packaging may include individuals using sharp objects in an attempt to open the packaging, breaking tablets during efforts to push them out of blister packs, and simply being unable to open the drug container due to tamper-evident packaging.[12] This problem is exacerbated in the elderly population, many of whom experience a decline in dexterity affecting their ability to open these containers. Alternatively, there are issues of concern with pharmacy packaging that is not tamper-evident or child-resistant, as this increases the risk of a child accidentally obtaining and consuming the medication.[1]

Also, with some forms of packaging, it may be difficult for individuals to be able to ascertain if they have taken the previous dose. Whereas blister packs and pill organizers aim to mitigate this problem, some individuals have difficulty removing the pill from blister packs without breaking the drug itself. Individuals also must accurately separate medications into the pill organizer in order for it to be beneficial.[1]

There are also concerns regarding differences in how drug information is conveyed to the general public versus the health care providers. While the Food and Drug Administration regulates both the medication guide insert and patient package inserts in the U.S., the patient targeted pharmacy brochures are not regulated. This lack of regulation on patient targeted brochures is of particular concern because unregulated pharmacy leaflets may address adverse drug reactions in a manner that may undermine their severity.[8] In addition, the accessibility of drug information is also of concern due to differential health literacy across the population. A lack of understanding or misunderstanding with pharmacy inserts may cause a patient to handle or consume a drug incorrectly, leading to possible adverse drug reactions or changes in bioavailability of the drug. Research has shown that illustrations augment individual comprehension of drug inserts; however, comprehension diminishes with pharmacy inserts solely comprising of text or illustrations.[3]

Clinical Significance

Medication packaging mostly affects the shelf life of a drug, which is determined by the physical and chemical stabilities of the product. Chemical stability is determined by how long the drug will continue to have 100 ± 5 % of the label claim potency and contain sufficiently low amounts of any degradation products. This stability is often the basis of the drug expiration date. Physical stability is associated with the drug’s appearance and action (i.e., dissolution). Moisture is a significant destabilizer of drugs; thus, care must be taken in package design to minimize moisture exposure to extend the shelf life of the pharmaceutical product.[13] Without adequate packaging to maintain the drug’s physical and chemical properties, the medication’s efficacy may be affected, thereby subjecting the patient to a lower than intended dose or unintended toxicity.

Pharmaceutical packaging comprised of polymers to preserve a drug may have unintended consequences should the polymers from the package leach into the medication.[14] This inadvertent additive to the drug may affect its safety, efficacy, or be associated with unintended toxicity. An additional clinical concern associated with drug packaging is its role as a barrier to medication adherence. As elderly, handicapped, and other individuals may have difficulty with child-resistant or tamper-evident packaging, they are more likely to forgo their medications and compromise their health.

Pharmacy packaging inserts yield further obstacles in delivering quality patient care and obtaining medical adherence. With low health literacy rates and confusing jargon often used in patient pharmaceutical packing, many individuals have difficulty comprehending the patient prescription inserts. This lack of comprehension subsequently increases the risk of adverse events associated with taking the medication incorrectly or forgoing treatment due to misunderstanding.[10] Patients are not alone in making errors due to misunderstandings of pharmacy inserts. The new format of package inserts in the U.S. was brought to fruition in June 2006 making it easier for health care providers to locate pertinent clinical information. It was previously estimated that preventable adverse drug reactions and medication errors cost the U.S. health care system $3.5 billion in preventable expenses.[9] 

Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions

Pharmacy packaging interventions are now at the forefront of the attempt to decrease medical noncompliance. The FDA and EMA have guidelines for the design of medications to optimize medical adherence; however, there are no guidelines for the design of pharmacy packaging to optimize patient usability.[12] A meta-analysis of 48 RCT studies found that groups receiving pharmacy packaging interventions via blister packs or pillboxes had significantly better medication adherence in comparison to the controls.[1] [Level 1] There are clear barriers to generalizing the findings of these studies to a broader population. This pharmaceutical intervention is not appropriate for individuals with dexterity issues and those who cannot accurately fill their pillboxes. Despite these exceptions, the studies show this may be a promising method to increase medication compliance for some individuals.

Additional studies examining the effects of calendar pill organizers have shown inconclusive results. Whereas an epilepsy study showed a significant improvement to medication adherence as measured by a reduction in seizure frequency, two studies on hypertensives and diabetics failed to show a significant decrease in medication adherence as measured by reductions in health care expenditure.[3] [Level 2] With such inconsistent results, the effectiveness of increasing compliance via pharmaceutical packaging may be augmented with patient education. Reports of patient confusion regarding how to open the blister packs and changes to the packaging identify potential areas of education. Health care professionals ranging from nurses to pharmacists to physicians should educate patients on the proper use of such blister packs to minimize user error.

Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Monitoring

Calendar pillboxes offer a feasible, tangible way for the individual, his/her caretaker, or other health care professionals to monitor medication adherence. In Japan, there have been successful attempts to virtually monitor patient medication compliance using a programmed calendar pill organizer. With the use of specially designed pill organizers, physicians were able to determine when the organizer was opened and the number of drugs removed from the organizer.[15] With this real-time monitoring, physicians were able to intervene and contact the patient if the individual was being noncompliant with the medication. Such innovation allows for a more hands-on approach to manipulating pharmaceutical packaging in order to improve patient medication adherence. Even in the absence of a monitoring system on calendar pill boxes, pill organizers offer a feasible vehicle for medication monitoring whether by a health care professional or a caretaker. In addition to the technologically enhanced pill organizers, researchers have turned to digital medicine to monitor and increase patients’ adherence to treatment.

A digital medicine program (DMP) analyzing the efficacy of digital medicine on Hepatitis C infected patients found higher rates of treatment adherence and sustained virologic response among those using the digital medicine program. This particular DMP was comprised of an oral drug encapsulated with an ingestible sensor, a patch to detect real-time medication consumption, a mobile app for patients to log their information and a health care provider portal for the team to coordinate patient management. If the software detected the patient was not wearing the patch, did not ingest the drug while wearing the patch, or did not consume the correct dose of the drug, the patient and the patient-care team was notified and the provider or a member of the research team reached out to the patient to discuss the noncompliance.

A post-engagement survey showed that many participants felt more involved in their healthcare through the DMP due to the personal mobile app tracking and the ability to connect with their patient-care team through the app.[16] With the improved adherence using a DMP, the study highlights the potential for advancements in pharmaceuticals to improve patient medication adherence.