Spinal Hemangioma

Etiology

Although the exact etiology and inciting factor of spinal hemangiomas genesis are not well understood, a well-known characteristic of these benign lesions includes a vascular proliferation of capillaries similar to hemangiomas in other parts of the body. Proliferation subsequently causes a displacement of bone and in rarer cases erosion into the spinal canal. Unlike infantile hemangiomas, hemangiomas of the spine do not spontaneously regress.

Epidemiology

The incidence of spinal hemangiomas has been reported as 11% in autopsy studies.[3] Most are incidentally noted and can be characterized on radiographs of the spine as well as cross-sectional imaging. Females are somewhat more affected than males.[8] Incidence has also been reported on MRI studies as high as 27%.[8]

Histopathology

Grossly specimens can show periosteal elevation. Two histologic types of hemangiomas of the vertebra can occur cavernous and capillary angiomas. Cavernous angiomas involve large blood vessels not separated by normal bone. Capillary angiomas involve thin-walled capillary vessels separated by normal bone. There is usually a capsule surrounding the lesion with adjacent bone potentially exhibiting osteolysis.[9]

History and Physical

The primary goal of a thorough history and physical is 2-fold in the setting of symptomatic hemangioma. A clinician must rule out more concerning etiologies and assessment of the patient’s health status in the setting of a planned intervention.

Patient’s can often present with back pain, and a history of a previous incidentally-noted hemangioma should not misdirect a clinician from thoroughly evaluating more concerning etiologies of back pain including, but not limited, to metastasis, infection, primary malignancies of the spinal cord, as well as osteoporotic compression fractures. History taking should include onset, exacerbating and relieving factors, the intensity of pain, quality of pain, and radiation that could suggest radiculopathy. Hemangiomas tend to present in the thoracic spine and can present with pain in one location. Complaints of multiple sites of pain should raise a clinician’s suspicion for metastatic lesions. More importantly, secondary symptoms play an important role, especially in the setting of suspected metastasis. A thorough history, including but not limited to, gastrointestinal and genitourinary review of systems questions should be elicited. Pain referred to the back from other areas of the body, a known history of cancer, history of trauma, history of osteoporosis, and pain that does not improve on lying down and resting should warrant further evaluation including, but not limited to, additional imaging.

Physical examination primarily involves a thorough back examination that includes a visual inspection of the overlying skin, assessing the curvature of the spine, and observing gait. The range of motion should also be tested including forward flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. The spine should be palpated specifically at the patient-indicated site of pain. Percussion should be performed to assess for costovertebral tenderness. Considering hemangiomas can erode into the spinal canal, assessing for radiculopathy is important in the physical examination of the spine. Special maneuvers to asses for radiculopathy should be performed including the straight leg raise test for the lower back and the Spurling maneuver in the setting of cervical radiculopathy. Reflexes should be tested, and sensation with close attention to the thoracic dermatomes should be performed. Finally, the physical examination should include evaluation of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems.

Evaluation

The role of imaging is critical in the evaluation of a hemangioma including lesion size, site, and degree of lytic involvement of the spinal canal and neuroforamina. Radiograph usually shows a prominent trabecular pattern with vertical striations. The density of the vertebral body is often increased giving a sclerotic appearance. Vertebral body height and size should remain unaffected. On CT imaging, hemangiomas have a classic corduroy(accordion) pattern from coarsening of the trabeculae. Although rare, bone destruction and extension into the adjacent soft tissues including the spinal canal can be evaluated on CT imaging. MR imaging can definitively assess for soft-tissue extension.

Treatment / Management

Given that the vast majority of hemangiomas are asymptomatic and are a benign entity, treatment and intervention are usually not employed in asymptomatic patients. In the setting of symptomatic patients, different interventions have been used in their treatment. Endovascular embolization has been used to treat painful vertebral hemangiomas and has been shown to relieve spinal cord compression from epidural extension.[10] Percutaneous vertebroplasty has also been shown to be effective in pain relief.[11] Transpedicular ethanol injection has been employed in the treatment of spinal hemangiomas; however, complications have been seen.[12] Radiation therapy has also been used to treat painful lesions considering spinal hemangiomas are radiosensitive lesions.[13]

Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis for sclerotic lesions of the spine is wide. Paget disease can be considered in the setting of a vertebral body lesion mimicking a hemangioma; however, cortical thickening is often present with a characteristic “picture frame sign.” Squaring of the vertebra can also be appreciated. Sclerotic metastasis such as in the setting of prostate carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and medullary thyroid carcinoma should also be considered in the differential. Other differentials include lymphoma and multiple myeloma.

Complications

Complications, although rare, can infrequently occur. Pathologic burst fracture can be problematic considering these highly vascular lesions can subsequently bleed causing a hematoma and resultant cord compression.[14] Epidural extension, although also rare, can occur leading to neurologic deficits in the setting of cord compression. Exiting nerve roots can also be affected leading to neurologic symptoms. Spontaneous epidural hemorrhage can also occur, although hemorrhage is usually an iatrogenic complication.