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Mittelschmerz
Definition/Introduction
Mittelschmerz—or ovulation pain, as it is commonly known today—is a benign preovulatory lower abdominal pain that occurs midcycle (between days 7 and 24) in women. Mittelschmerz may affect over 40% of women of reproductive age, and it occurs almost every month in these patients. It generally does not begin until a few years following menarche, when the true ovulatory cycles become established. Pain varies in severity from a mild ache to agonizing pain and is generally felt near the ovaries on the same side as the developing follicle. Mittelschmerz has been found to coincide with the peak in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels when the follicle is enlarging and has not yet ruptured; however, mittelschmerz is unlikely due to follicular distention. Rather, the LH rise increases ovarian perifollicular smooth muscle contractility via a prostaglandin-mediated pathway, potentially producing pain.[1][2][3][4]
Issues of Concern
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Issues of Concern
Mittelschmerz most often presents as an acute lower quadrant (usually right-sided) pain ranging from a mild ache to intense pain. Along with several other gynecologic pathologies, mittelschmerz may present similarly to acute appendicitis, leading to misdiagnosis and unnecessary surgery. Mittelschmerz merits consideration before diagnosing appendicitis in young women of reproductive age. Mittelschmerz should also be given adequate attention from all medical providers so that it can be easily recognized and diagnosed. Interprofessional communication and awareness can help improve patient outcomes and reduce patient harm.[5][6][7]
Clinical Significance
Women who experience mittelschmerz may not experience it every month, and they may not recognize that it is related to their ovulatory cycles. Mittelschmerz can present as pain in either iliac fossa, and it will generally be on the same side as the developing follicle.[8] The pain usually ceases within three to twelve hours, although patients who have undergone ovarian surgery may experience mittelschmerz that persists until the onset of menstruation. The patient may also report mild backache.[5] Mittelschmerz may improve with oral contraceptive use.[9][10] The knowledge that mittelschmerz coincides with peak luteinizing hormone (LH) levels may be useful in identifying the most fertile days of the ovulatory cycle and potentially aid in family planning.[3]
In female patients of reproductive age, gynecological pathologies can often be mistaken for acute appendicitis. Gynecologic pathologies and acute appendicitis can both present with Rovsing’s sign, defense, elevated leukocyte count, and elevated temperature in a statistically significant number of cases. When working with this population, healthcare teams need to consider the probability of gynecological pathologies when working up a case of acute abdominal pain—doing so can improve patient outcomes and reduce patient harm.[6] [Level 1]
Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions
All interprofessional healthcare team members who work with women of child-bearing age should be familiar with Rovsing's sign. Clinicians need to be able to differentiate the possible causes of this pain from conditions that mimic it, and nurses can provide patient counsel and act as a primary contact point for patient concerns and questions.
References
Durai R, Ng PC. Mittelschmerz mimicking appendicitis. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005). 2009 Jul:70(7):419 [PubMed PMID: 19584789]
Level 3 (low-level) evidenceMartin P, Carriere C, Dozier C, Quatannens B, Mirabel MA, Vandenbunder B, Stehelin D, Saule S. Characterization of a paired box- and homeobox-containing quail gene (Pax-QNR) expressed in the neuroretina. Oncogene. 1992 Sep:7(9):1721-8 [PubMed PMID: 1354346]
Level 3 (low-level) evidenceO'Herlihy C, Robinson HP, de Crespigny LJ. Mittelschmerz is a preovulatory symptom. British medical journal. 1980 Apr 5:280(6219):986 [PubMed PMID: 7417773]
Won HR, Abbott J. Optimal management of chronic cyclical pelvic pain: an evidence-based and pragmatic approach. International journal of women's health. 2010 Aug 20:2():263-77. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S7991. Epub 2010 Aug 20 [PubMed PMID: 21151732]
CHARLEWOOD GP. Mittelschmerz or ovulation pain. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde. 1958 Mar 8:32(10):261-2 [PubMed PMID: 13543465]
Hatipoglu S, Hatipoglu F, Abdullayev R. Acute right lower abdominal pain in women of reproductive age: clinical clues. World journal of gastroenterology. 2014 Apr 14:20(14):4043-9. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.4043. Epub [PubMed PMID: 24744594]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidenceClark JF, Stephens BE. Gynecological problems causing acute abdominal symptoms in adolescent girls. Journal of the National Medical Association. 1976 Mar:68(2):117-9 [PubMed PMID: 1263271]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidenceMarinho AO, Sallam HN, Goessens L, Collins WP, Campbell S. Ovulation side and occurrence of mittelschmerz in spontaneous and induced ovarian cycles. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.). 1982 Feb 27:284(6316):632 [PubMed PMID: 6802266]
Jensen JT, Speroff L. Health benefits of oral contraceptives. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America. 2000 Dec:27(4):705-21 [PubMed PMID: 11091985]
. Premenstrual symptoms. British medical journal. 1973 Mar 24:1(5855):689-90 [PubMed PMID: 4735136]