M-Plasty

Anatomy and Physiology

Aesthetically, the face is divided up into several subunits: forehead, brows, orbits, nose, cheeks, mouth, chin, and ears, each of which has its own constituent parts with additional boundaries among them. In many cases, keeping scars within a single subunit or, preferable, between subunits can substantially improve cosmetic results. In these situations, using an M-plasty to limit or redirect the scar into subunit boundaries can be very helpful. Additionally, many anatomical structures on the face possess free margins, such as the nasal alae, the auricular helices, the eyebrows, the hairline, and the eyelids, violation of which is best avoided to prevent cicatricial notching; M-plasties can be very useful in these cases as well.[3][4]

Indications

An M-plasty is a useful technique for shortening the expected final scar length of an excision.[5][6][7] This can be beneficial when longer incisions are contraindicated to avoid crossing cosmetic boundaries or extending into sensitive structures. For example, an M-plasty can be used near the lateral canthus to remove a dog ear without disrupting the corner of the eye. This is also an ideal location for an M-plasty because the scar can be concealed within the crow’s feet. The M-plasty technique is also applicable in the glabellar region when complete fusiform excision would extend the scar into the medial canthi, but an M-plasty can be used to branch the incisions into the upper and lower eyelids.[8] While M-plasty is typically employed in the closure of wounds resulting from excision of skin lesions, it is also helpful in the closure of full-thickness skin graft donor site defects.[9]

Additionally, an M-plasty may be used to remove dog ears created by flaps. M-plasties can be added to either one or both ends of an incision to shorten a wound. Although M-plasties decrease the length of a scar, they increase its width by adding a fork to the end. This compromise may be cosmetically less noticeable than long, linear scars in some cases. For example, large tumors on the back may be less noticeable with an M-plasty on each end when compared to a longer, straight repair. The main goal of the M-plasty is to take an excision that would otherwise extend across cosmetic unit boundaries and keep the incision within a single unit.

Lastly, the use of the M-plasty has also been described for the orientation of pathological specimens, an application that may conserve suture and tissue at the same time.[10]

Contraindications

It is important to note that a traditional M-plasty, unlike a Z-plasty, does not alter tension vectors. For this reason, the contraindications for M-plasty are the same as the contraindications for primary closures. Primary wound closure is contraindicated when there would be too much tension on the wound to permit a reliable closure. Excess tension can lead to dehiscence and/or necrosis of the wound edges because of stretching and subsequent narrowing of the microvasculature in the subdermal plexus. Increased tension can also lead to poor cosmetic outcomes, such as wide, fish-mouth-like scars. More importantly, excessive tension can cause anatomic distortion of sensitive structures such as the eyelid, eyebrow, nasal ala, auricle, or lips.

Equipment

Equipment will vary depending on the size and location of the wound, but in general, terms will consist of the following:

• Skin marker
• Suture for the skin surface
• Suture for the deep layer
• Needle driver
• Forceps
• Suture scissors
• #15 blade scalpel
• Electrocautery or other hemostatic equipment
• Dissecting scissors, such as Metzenbaum or Kaye blepharoplasty

Personnel

This procedure can be performed by the surgeon alone. However, an assistant can be quite helpful and improves the procedure's efficiency. If excision of a skin lesion causes a defect that requires an M-plasty for closure, a pathologist may be necessary. Anesthetic and nursing requirements will be dictated by the size and location of the excision.

Preparation

Cutaneous surgery can be performed in an office setting. Sterile or nonsterile gloves may be used at the surgeon's discretion as the risk of surgical site infections in minor procedures is low, particularly when they are performed on the face, where the blood supply and immune response are robust. The skin is prepped with an antiseptic based on the site of surgery and the surgeon's preference.[11][12]

Patient Counseling

The surgeon should counsel the patient about the risks of the procedure, namely infection, bleeding, unsightly scarring, and the likelihood of recurrence of any lesion being excised. The patient should also receive a thorough explanation of the procedure. This explanation can be supplemented with visual aids such as a picture of the tumor with the planned excision illustrated. Visual aids can also show the patient how the closure will look after the excision is performed. When cosmetically sensitive areas, such as the face, are involved, the patient should also be counseled regarding the risk of dissatisfaction with the ultimate appearance of the scar. Scars located in cosmetically sensitive areas should be protected from sun exposure for roughly 12 months postoperatively to prevent the development of dyspigmentation.

Technique or Treatment

An M-plasty may be designed before excision or later in the repair process. The design is best visualized by first drawing out a fusiform excision. To add an M-plasty to one end of the excision, the peak of the planned excision is inverted or folded inward on itself to create an "M" (see figure) with 30 degrees angles at and between the tips of the M. Tips with angles substantially >30 degrees may result in additional standing cutaneous dog ear deformities. Take care not to make the M so deep that it intrudes on the lesion itself and compromises the oncological integrity of the resection, if applicable. It is preferable to draw the excision margins around the lesion first and then overlay the planned M-plasty. The skin is incised in the standard fashion. Undermining is performed in the appropriate plane depending on the body location, generally subdermal. The final configuration of an M-plasty is a "Y," with the base representing the linear closure and the arms of the "Y" representing the M-plasty. Sutures may be placed in either a running or an interrupted fashion and will often be placed in layers, depending on the depth and location of the excision. The tip of the M-plasty may benefit from the placement of a tip stitch to align the tissue properly.[6][13]

If an M-plasty is used to remove a dog ear, the dog ear is elevated with forceps, then two incisions are made at 45 degrees angles from the main incision on either side of the dog ear, and Burow's triangles are removed. This creates a "Y" shaped closure. The excess tissue is removed from the sides of the incision, sparing the "V" created between the two new incisions. The wound is then closed in the same fashion as above.

Nested M-Plasty

A nested M-plasty is a variant of a traditional M-plasty and can be described as an M-plasty within an M-plasty. If a standard M-plasty shortens the length of the scar and preserves healthy tissue, performing the process twice produces even shorter scars and preserves even more tissue, albeit at the expense of a more complicated procedure and a complex, branched scar. A standard M-plasty can be visualized as an ellipse with the peak of the ellipse folded inward. This produces two side-by-side triangles that are half the width of the original peak. A nested M-plasty repeats this process within one or both of those triangles. The triangles are folded on themselves again, creating four side-by-side triangles that are one-quarter the original width, resulting in a branching appearance (see figure). As with a regular M-plasty, tip stitches can be quite useful for this type of closure. This technique is best used on flat or concave surfaces as it can induce bunching of the skin, which typically flattens out with time. Bunching of skin over convex surfaces can be quite noticeable and tends to persist; it should therefore be avoided via meticulous incision design and closure[14].

M-Plasty Modifications

The modified M-plasty, described by Asken in 1986, uses a shortened ellipse with obtuse angles and places additional tangential incisions on opposite sides of the ellipse at either end of the wound. The closure is accomplished with local undermining and adjustment of tension vectors; the final scar is Y-shaped, like a traditional M-plasty but shorter still.[15] Another variant of the M-plasty modifies the angle of divergence between the two triangles such that they exceed 30 degrees and the bases of the triangles remain separated by a distance equal to the maximum width of the ellipse. Using this technique, the compressive forces that bunch up the skin begin to subside, and the M-plasty takes on some of the tension-altering characteristics of a V to Y advancement closure.[16]

Complications

Complications arising from M-plasty parallel those seen with any other wound closure technique. In addition to pain, bleeding, infection, and need for revision surgery, there remains the possibility of cosmetically unsatisfactory scarring. Patients may find that the forked nature of the final scar is noticeable, or the scar itself may ultimately become wide, raised, depressed, pigmented, pale, or erythematous. Standing cutaneous deformities may also arise if the M-plasty is not designed appropriately or if healing does not occur as expected. Management of unsightly scarring may include topical therapies, such as silicone gel or hydroquinone, skin resurfacing, ablative or non-ablative laser treatments, intense pulsed light treatments, and surgical revision.

Clinical Significance

The M-plasty is a tissue-sparing technique that permits primary wound closure while limiting incision length. The technique can also be used to remove standing cutaneous dog ear deformities. Every cutaneous surgeon should be facile with the planning and execution of M-plasty closures.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

M-plasty is usually performed by a plastic or cosmetic surgeon and an assistant or nurse, occasionally with the efforts of an anesthesiologist. Patients with skin lesions approaching aesthetic boundaries or who have undergone excisions that left standing cutaneous deformities should be referred for evaluation for scar revision and potential M-plasty. The procedure should be performed by a surgeon who has experience with cutaneous procedures and wound management. [Level 4]

Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions

Depending on the location of the wound, nurses may be called upon to remove sutures one to two weeks after surgery. When procedures occur in cosmetically sensitive areas, such as the face, nursing staff may also counsel patients on the importance of protecting the healing wound from ultraviolet light exposure to minimize unsightly scar formation. Patients should keep the wound covered or apply sunscreen with a solar protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 when outside and should continue to do this until the scar has matured completely, approximately one year after surgery.