Tools
Decorticate Posturing
Definition/Introduction
Decorticate posturing is a specific pattern of response shown in neurological and neurosurgical patients in whom the pathological processes have led to intracranial hypertension and already initiated the herniation syndrome. There will be flexor posturing along with internal rotation of the upper limbs with extensor posturing of the lower limbs. The painful stimulation should be given over supra eye-brow region or on other dermatomal distribution of cranial nerves only, to prevent the confounding bias from response seen from the spinal reflexes.[1][2] The internal rotation posturing helps to differentiate it from normal flexor response to pain.
Issues of Concern
Register For Free And Read The Full Article
Search engine and full access to all medical articles- 10 free questions in your specialty
- Free CME/CE Activities
- Free daily question in your email
- Save favorite articles to your dashboard
- Emails offering discounts
Learn more about a Subscription to StatPearls Point-of-Care
Issues of Concern
The rubrospinal tract will mediate the flexion attitude of upper limbs and extensor posturing of the lower limbs.[3][4] The vestibulospinal tract, on the other hand, mediates extensor posturing in both the upper and the lower limbs. Thereby, decorticate posturing suggests that the integrity of the rubrospinal tract is intact, and the extent of damage from the lesion has not extended below it.[5] Such a response receives a motor score of 3 while assessing the Glasgow Coma Scale in the patient.
Clinical Significance
The evidence of decorticate posturing suggests late stage of cerebral herniation and, therefore, of paramount importance for urgent corrective therapeutic intervention to be undertaken in the patient to reverse the herniation syndrome.
Differential Diagnosis
- Decerebrate posturing - There will be extensor posturing with internal rotation of both upper and the power limbs.[6][5]This suggests that the vestibulospinal tract is intact, and the damage from the injury has not extended beyond it. However, it is an agonal sign with a very poor prognostic outcome in the patient. This sign harbingers the onset of tonsillar herniation with respiratory paralysis and eventual death in the patient.
- Lazarus reflex in brain death patient - There will be flexion and crossing over of the upper limbs over the chest, similar to attitude seen in ancient mummies.[7][8] This presentation is, however, compatible with brainstem death. The differentiating feature, in contrast to the decorticate posturing, is the presence of brainstem areflexia and positive apnea test in patients with brain stem death.
Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions
It is prudent early recognition of decorticate posturing response in neurological and neurosurgical patients for initiating early corrective interventions to reverse the herniation syndrome and prevent the patient from transitioning into decerebrate posturing and finally into tonsillar herniation.[9] The mortality rate is above 80% in patients exhibiting decorticate posturing with fixed dilated pupils.[10] So, it is a cornerstone in early recognition of signs of such delayed herniation syndrome harbingering impending tonsillar herniation and to opt for emergent management plans to halt the same, either by administrating mannitol or hypertonic saline, placement of external ventricular drain or by performing decompressive hemicraniectomy.
Media
(Click Image to Enlarge)
Decorticate Posturing
Contributed by Katherine Humphreys
References
Clark A, M Das J, Weisbrod LJ, Mesfin FB. Trauma Neurological Exam. StatPearls. 2023 Jan:(): [PubMed PMID: 29939692]
de Sousa I, Woodward S. The Glasgow Coma Scale in adults: doing it right. Emergency nurse : the journal of the RCN Accident and Emergency Nursing Association. 2016 Dec 7:24(8):33-39 [PubMed PMID: 27923300]
McPherson JG, Chen A, Ellis MD, Yao J, Heckman CJ, Dewald JPA. Progressive recruitment of contralesional cortico-reticulospinal pathways drives motor impairment post stroke. The Journal of physiology. 2018 Apr 1:596(7):1211-1225. doi: 10.1113/JP274968. Epub 2018 Feb 19 [PubMed PMID: 29457651]
Riddle CN, Edgley SA, Baker SN. Direct and indirect connections with upper limb motoneurons from the primate reticulospinal tract. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2009 Apr 15:29(15):4993-9. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3720-08.2009. Epub [PubMed PMID: 19369568]
Level 3 (low-level) evidenceVadhan J, M Das J. Neuroanatomy, Red Nucleus. StatPearls. 2023 Jan:(): [PubMed PMID: 31869092]
WARD AA Jr. Decerebrate rigidity. Journal of neurophysiology. 1947 Mar:10(2):89-103 [PubMed PMID: 20291835]
Hannawi Y, Abers MS, Geocadin RG, Mirski MA. Abnormal movements in critical care patients with brain injury: a diagnostic approach. Critical care (London, England). 2016 Mar 14:20():60. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1236-2. Epub 2016 Mar 14 [PubMed PMID: 26975183]
Moon JW, Hyun DK. Chronic Brain-Dead Patients Who Exhibit Lazarus Sign. Korean journal of neurotrauma. 2017 Oct:13(2):153-157. doi: 10.13004/kjnt.2017.13.2.153. Epub 2017 Oct 31 [PubMed PMID: 29201852]
Munakomi S, Das JM. Brain Herniation. StatPearls. 2024 Jan:(): [PubMed PMID: 31194403]
Emami P, Czorlich P, Fritzsche FS, Westphal M, Rueger JM, Lefering R, Hoffmann M. Impact of Glasgow Coma Scale score and pupil parameters on mortality rate and outcome in pediatric and adult severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective, multicenter cohort study. Journal of neurosurgery. 2017 Mar:126(3):760-767. doi: 10.3171/2016.1.JNS152385. Epub 2016 Apr 1 [PubMed PMID: 27035177]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence