Acne Keloidalis Nuchae

Etiology

The exact etiology of acne keloidalis nuchae is unclear, but it might be triggered by chronic irritation or occlusion of the follicles due to hair cutting practices (e.g., close shaves), trauma, friction (e.g., rubbing from shirt collars or helmets), heat, or humidity as a predisposing or exacerbating factors. Also, It might be triggered by infection (Demodex or bacteria). Other potential contributory factors include autoimmunity, excess androgens or increased sensitivity to androgens, seborrhea, and medications (e.g., cyclosporine). [4][5]

Epidemiology

Individuals with darkly pigmented skin, especially African Americans, are more prone to developing acne keloidalis nuchae. It has been reported to affect young age group with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 20:1.

Pathophysiology

The repeated friction, trauma, and infection of the skin overlying the nape of the neck leads to acne keloidalis nuchae. Herzberg et al. proposed a series of ultrastructural events that are responsible for the formation of acne keloidalis nuchae:[6]

• Acute perifollicular inflammation followed by a weakening of the follicular wall at the level of the lower infundibulum, the isthmus, or both.
• Formation of acute and chronic granulomatous inflammation by the release of naked hair shaft which acts as a foreign body.
• The fibroblasts will produce new collagen and fibrosis.
• Distortion and occlusion of the follicular lumen by the fibrosis results in retention of the hair shaft in the follicle.

Histopathology

The histopathology of acne keloidalis nuchae depends on the timing of the biopsy. In general, there is an influx of neutrophils and lymphocytes distributed around the isthmus of the hair follicle and naked hair shafts in the dermis may also be visualized. As the condition progresses, one will see the destruction of the sebaceous glands. A chronic granulomatous inflammation reaction is common with evidence of collagen deposition and fibrosis. Sinus tracts may also be apparent when the fluid is discharged to the external skin. Ingrown hairs may be seen around the periphery of the papules.

History and Physical

Usually, physicians can diagnose acne keloidalis nuchae during the clinical presentation. It is easier to diagnose this condition by inspection and palpation, given its appearance and texture. History should also include trauma, hair-cutting routine, infection, and medications.

Acne keloidalis nuchae presents as a firm, dome-shaped, inflammatory papules and pustules over the nape of the neck. Over time, fibrosis ensues with coalescence of firm papules into keloidal scarring plaques. Scarring is typically present in the time patients present for medical evaluation. Scarring is manifested by variable sized keloidal papules, plaques, or nodules at the site of previously involved hair follicles.

Evaluation

The diagnosis of acne keloidalis nuchae is clinical, but laboratory studies are done to look for bacteria. If pathogenic microorganisms are isolated, then the appropriate antibiotics should be started. Rarely, a biopsy may be done to exclude psoriasis, cancer, or acne conglobata.

Treatment / Management

Management of acne keloidalis nuchae consists of measures directed at improving the clinical manifestations and symptoms of the disease.[1][7][8](B2)

Overall, the treatment of acne keloidalis nuchae is difficult and unsatisfactory. Over the years, many treatments have been used with varying degrees of success. There is no first-line therapy, and it all depends on the personal preference of the treating physician.

The first part of treatment is to educate the patient on preventing progression of the disease. This means avoiding close shaving and frequent haircuts. Secondly, the individual should be told to avoid shirts with tight collars and restrictive athletic neck gear. Any ornaments like chains worn around the neck should be discontinued.

The treatment should be initiated at the time of diagnosis to avoid cosmetic disfigurement. One may use topical antimicrobial agents such as benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine to prevent secondary bacterial infections. 

• Mild keratolytic agents can help soften the coarse hairs.
• The patient should be told to avoid the use of all hair product greases that can interfere with hair growth.
• When the disease is in the early papular stage, it may respond to potent topical steroids with or without a retinoid.
• If folliculitis is present, one may need to use minocycline or doxycycline. Moderate dose isotretinoin (20 mg daily) has an anti-inflammatory effect on folliculitis but does not affect indurated lesions.

Once the acute disease is under control, one can use maintenance therapy with a topical steroid, benzyl peroxide washes, and a topical retinoid.

If the papules are hard, intralesional injection of triamcinolone can help reduce the size and also soften the lesion. The injections can be very painful, and pretreatment with topical lidocaine may help. Steroid injections may result in hypopigmentation and skin atrophy. Some dermatologists use cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen to create edema before the injection of steroids. 

Cryotherapy has also been used as solo therapy, but it is often not well-tolerated because of pain. The treatment also causes hypopigmentation and often requires months of treatment.

Surgical excision may be performed, but mild recurrences are not rare. Cryosurgery also seems to be effective in acne keloidalis nuchae, while vaporization with the CO2 laser is less effective than surgery.

Various other types of lasers have been used to treat acne keloidalis nuchae with varying success. The most effective lasers are the 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser and 810 nm diode laser. Most patients require several laser sessions in combination with topical steroids or retinoids to improve the cosmesis. Pulsed Dye laser (595 nm) has also been used in acne keloidalis nuchae but is less effective than the other lasers. Phototherapy using targeted ultraviolet B  light three times a week for 8 to 10 weeks has also been effective.

Radiation therapy should only be reserved for recalcitrant cases.

Differential Diagnosis

• Acne conglobata
• Acne vulgaris
• Acneiform eruptions
• Folliculitis decalvans
• Hidradenitis suppurativa
• Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens