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Tadalafil
Indications
Tadalafil is classified as an oral phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. Tadalafil was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 and is primarily used as first-line therapy for erectile dysfunction (ED) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).[1][2] Tadalafil acts by relaxing the muscles in the bladder and prostate and by increasing blood flow to the penis during sexual stimulation.[3]
FDA-Approved Indications
Erectile Dysfunction (ED): Tadalafil is widely used for treating ED and is effective in enhancing erectile function.[4]
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Tadalafil is indicated for treating the signs and symptoms of BPH.[5]
ED and BPH: Tadalafil can be used when both conditions coexist.[6]
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH): For effective treatment of PAH, tadalafil is one of the drugs of choice.[7] In treatment-naive pulmonary arterial hypertension patients classified as WHO Functional Class II and III, the American College of Chest Physicians suggests initiating combination therapy with ambrisentan and tadalafil for the improvement of 6-minute walk distance (6MWD).[8]
Off-Labeled Uses
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS): Tadalafil may be beneficial in managing LUTS associated with BPH.[9]
Raynaud's Phenomenon: Some evidence suggests tadalafil's effectiveness in managing this condition.[10]
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) Prevention: Tadalafil is used off-label for preventing HAPE, which is more common in individuals ascending rapidly to altitudes greater than 2500-3000 meters.[11][12][11]
Mechanism of Action
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Mechanism of Action
Tadalafil functions as a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), an enzyme prominently found in the smooth muscle cells of the corpus cavernosum in the penis, as well as in the pulmonary vasculature and the prostate. PDE5 breaks down cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a crucial molecule in the vasodilatory process. By inhibiting PDE5, tadalafil prevents the degradation of cGMP, thereby enhancing and prolonging its effects.
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate plays a vital role in the physiological process of erection. It is synthesized in response to nitric oxide (NO) release during sexual stimulation. NO activates guanylate cyclase, which converts guanosine triphosphate (GTP) into cGMP. Increased levels of cGMP lead to the relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the corpus cavernosum and dilation of blood vessels, which facilitates an increased blood flow into the penile tissue, resulting in an erection.[13]
In addition to its effects on the corpus cavernosum, tadalafil's inhibition of PDE5 in the pulmonary vasculature leads to vasodilation, reducing pulmonary arterial pressure. This makes tadalafil effective in treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The drug's mechanism in the prostate and bladder helps alleviate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms by relaxing these tissues and improving urinary flow.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: Tadalafil is readily absorbed following oral administration. Its bioavailability is not significantly influenced by food, allowing for flexible dosing. Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) are typically achieved within 2 hours (Tmax) post-dose, indicating a quick onset of action.[14] As a lipophilic molecule, tadalafil has good membrane permeability, contributing to its efficient absorption.
Distribution: Tadalafil is widely distributed throughout the body. Its volume of distribution suggests extensive tissue uptake and distribution. Ninety-four percent of tadalafil in the plasma is bound to proteins like albumin and α-1 acid glycoprotein. This high degree of protein binding limits the free fraction of the drug in circulation but facilitates its extended duration of action.[15]
Metabolism: Metabolized predominantly in the liver, tadalafil undergoes biotransformation mainly through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzyme. The major metabolite is methyl-catechol glucuronide, which is much less potent than the parent compound. This metabolite and additional minor metabolites indicate the involvement of conjugation reactions in tadalafil's metabolism.[16]
Elimination: Tadalafil and its metabolites are primarily excreted via the fecal route (approximately 61%), with renal excretion accounting for about 36% of the drug elimination. The drug has a prolonged terminal half-life (approximately 17.5 hours), which supports its long duration of action. This pharmacokinetic property makes tadalafil suitable for once-daily dosing in chronic conditions.[17]
Administration
Available Dosage Forms and Strengths
Tadalafil is an oral tablet with strengths of 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg. The FDA has also approved a combination oral capsule containing finasteride and tadalafil for BPH.[18] The capsule contains 5mg finasteride and 5mg tadalafil.
Adult Dosage
The recommended adult doses differ based on the condition being treated. For erectile dysfunction in the adult population, tadalafil can be administered as needed at an initial dose of 10 mg at least 30 minutes before sexual activity, or it can be administered daily at a dose of 2.5 to 5mg, irrespective of sexual activity. Depending on tolerability and efficacy, dosing can be adjusted to either 5 mg or 20 mg.[19] In benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the advised dosage is 5 mg once daily.[20] When using combination finasteride and tadalafil, a fixed-dose combination of finasteride 5 mg and tadalafil 5 mg is administered orally once daily without food for up to 26 weeks for benign prostatic hyperplasia.[21] The usual tadalafil dosage for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is 40 mg daily. However, this can be initiated at 20 mg daily and increased after 4 weeks.[22]
Specific Patient Populations
Hepatic impairment: Caution is advised when using tadalafil for hepatic impairment. The maximum recommended dose in cases of mild to moderate hepatic impairment is 10 mg, and its use is not recommended in severe hepatic impairment.[23]
Renal impairment: In patients with renal impairment, no dose adjustment of tadalafil is needed for mild to moderate cases, but the maximum recommended dose for severe impairment, when creatinine clearance is less than 30 mL/min, is 10 mg.[24]
Pregnancy considerations: Tadalafil is not recommended during pregnancy due to insufficient safety data when treated for PAH, LUTS, or HAPE prevention.[25]
Breastfeeding considerations: As for breastfeeding, it is unknown if tadalafil is excreted in human milk, so caution is advised.[26]
Pediatric patients: The safety and efficacy of tadalafil in pediatric patients have not been established, therefore it is not recommended for treatment within the pediatric population.[27]
Older patients: No specific dose adjustment is needed for geriatric patients based on age alone; a cautious approach is recommended due to potential increased sensitivity in some older individuals.[28]
Adverse Effects
Common Adverse Effects
Headache: This adverse effect is the most commonly reported side effect, likely due to tadalafil's vasodilatory impact on cerebral blood vessels. Headaches induced by tadalafil range from mild to severe and are generally transient.[29]
Dyspepsia: Dyspepsia is a frequent reaction characterized by indigestion, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort. Tadalafil's relaxation effect on gastrointestinal smooth muscles is thought to contribute to these symptoms.[30]
Back Pain and Myalgia: Many users report musculoskeletal discomfort, particularly in the back and muscles. While the exact mechanism is unclear, it is thought to be related to the effects of tadalafil on smooth muscle tissue.
Severe Adverse Effects and Potential Injuries
Nasal Congestion: Nasal congestion occurs due to the dilation of blood vessels in the nasal passages.[31]
Hypotension: Vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle can lead to modest reductions in blood pressure of about 7 mm Hg in systolic and 5 mm Hg in diastolic pressure, and this effect can last up to 12 hours.[32]
Flushing: Characterized by redness of the face, neck, or chest, this reaction results from vasodilation.[33]
Limb Pain: Pain in the arms or legs is less common but can cause discomfort.[34]
Nausea and Dizziness: These symptoms may occur, especially when quickly changing positions from lying down to sitting.[35]
Vision Changes: Tadalafil can cause blurred vision or alterations in color vision. Although it is uncommon, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) can cause sudden vision loss in one or both eyes, which can lead to permanent blindness.[36]
Hearing Loss: Sudden decrease or loss of hearing, sometimes accompanied by ear ringing and dizziness, is a rare but severe side effect. This can lead to permanent hearing impairment.[37]
Priapism: One of the most severe potential adverse effects, characterized by a prolonged, painful erection lasting more than 4 hours. Priapism induced by tadalafil requires immediate medical attention to prevent permanent injury to the penis.[38]
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Tadalafil can cause worsening of acid reflux symptoms.[39]
Rash and Hypersensitivity Reactions: Skin reactions, including rash and urticaria (hives), as well as more severe swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat, can cause respiratory distress if severe.[40]
Drug-Drug Interactions
Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators: Tadalafil is contraindicated in patients with pulmonary hypertension who use guanylate cyclase stimulators, like riociguat. Similar to nitrates, this combination can cause severe hypotension.
Other PDE5 Inhibitors: The concurrent use of other PDE5 inhibitors with tadalafil should be avoided.
Alpha-blockers and Antihypertensives: Caution is necessary when tadalafil is used with α-blockers or other antihypertensive agents due to the risk of additive blood pressure-lowering effects.
CYP3A4 Inhibitors and Inducers: As tadalafil is metabolized by CYP3A4 inhibitors (like ticagrelor, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and ritonavir) can increase tadalafil exposure, while CYP3A4 inducers (like rifampin) can decrease its effectiveness.
Alcohol: Excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of orthostatic hypotension when combined with tadalafil.[41]
Contraindications
The following are significant contraindications to administering tadalafil.[42][43][44]
- Nitrates: Tadalafil should not be used in patients taking nitrates (such as nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, and isosorbide mononitrate), commonly used to treat angina. The combination can lead to a significant drop in blood pressure, which can be life-threatening.
- Hypersensitivity Reactions: Tadalafil should be avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or any inactive ingredient, as stated in the FDA product labeling. This includes any allergic reactions or severe adverse responses experienced in the past.[40]
- Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators: Tadalafil is contraindicated in patients using guanylate cyclase stimulators, as mentioned above.
Precautions
Severe Cardiovascular Conditions: Tadalafil should be avoided in individuals with a history of severe cardiovascular conditions, such as recent myocardial infarction (within the past 90 days), unstable angina, uncontrolled arrhythmias, or heart failure.
Severe Hepatic Impairment: In patients with severe hepatic impairment, the use of tadalafil is not recommended due to the increased risk of adverse reactions as the drug is metabolized in the liver.
Retinitis Pigmentosa: Due to limited data on safety in this population, tadalafil should be used with caution in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, a genetic disorder affecting retinal PDE enzymes.
Postural Hypotension and Antihypertensives: Caution is advised in patients with a predisposition to postural hypotension or those using antihypertensive medications, as tadalafil can amplify the blood pressure-lowering effects.
Priapism: Tadalafil should be used cautiously in patients with conditions predisposing them to priapism (such as sickle cell anemia, multiple myeloma, or leukemia) or in those with an anatomical deformation of the penis (such as angulation, cavernosal fibrosis, or Peyronie's disease).
In August 2023, the Food and Drug Administration advised consumers against buying or using Round 2, a product advertised and marketed as an energy, endurance, and strength booster, on different websites. FDA laboratory examination has established that Round 2 contains tadalafil.
Monitoring
Tadalafil is known for its broad therapeutic index and offers a substantial margin of safety between its effective dose and the dose at which adverse effects occur. However, despite this relatively high safety margin, careful monitoring is crucial to ensure patient safety, optimize therapeutic outcomes, and minimize the risk of adverse effects. This monitoring involves a comprehensive assessment of the efficacy and safety aspects, including vigilant observation for signs of severe adverse reactions and managing potential drug interactions. Regular follow-up and patient education are integral to this process, emphasizing the importance of understanding when to seek medical help.
When administering tadalafil, it is crucial to closely monitor the cardiovascular status of patients due to the drug's effect on blood pressure. Regular monitoring of blood pressure is recommended, particularly for those on antihypertensive medications, as tadalafil can enhance the blood pressure-lowering effects of these medications.[45] Immediate reporting of changes in vision or hearing, such as sudden loss or decrease, is important as these could signify serious adverse effects. The occurrence of priapism, a prolonged erection, requires awareness and prompt medical attention. Monitoring is also vital for patients with significant hepatic or renal impairment, considering the metabolism and excretion pathways of tadalafil. It is important to be vigilant for signs of hypersensitivity reactions, including rash, hives, and swelling, especially of the lips, tongue, or throat. Continuous monitoring for potential drug interactions is essential, particularly with drugs affecting CYP3A4, nitrates, and α-blockers.[46] Assessing tadalafil's efficacy in treating erectile dysfunction or benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms is crucial in determining the therapeutic approach. A periodic evaluation of patient tolerance, focusing on side effects like headache, back pain, and dyspepsia, is important for maintaining quality of life during treatment.
Toxicity
Signs and Symptoms of Overdose
In cases of tadalafil overdose, which can exacerbate common adverse effects like hypotension, headache, dizziness, and, in rare instances, priapism. There is no specific antidote for tadalafil.[47]
Management of Overdose
The treatment approach is primarily supportive care to manage symptoms, emphasizing the importance of immediate medical intervention. Management typically includes gastrointestinal decontamination, especially if the overdose is recent, with measures like activated charcoal to absorb the drug. Symptomatic treatment for hypotension might involve fluid resuscitation or vasopressors, while discomforts such as headache and dizziness are managed with standard care. Priapism, a severe condition characterized by prolonged erection, requires urgent medical attention, often involving aspiration of blood from the corpus cavernosum or administration of sympathomimetic medications. Supportive care, including monitoring vital signs, fluid balance, and electrolytes, ensuring adequate hydration, and providing oxygen or ventilation support if needed, is crucial in managing tadalafil overdose.[48]
Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
Tadalafil is an effective treatment choice for conditions such as erectile dysfunction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Tadalafil is effective in maintaining erectile function, alleviating BPH symptoms, and improving exercise capacity in PAH. Its long half-life of about 17.5 hours offers dosing flexibility, an advantage for patient compliance. For healthcare professionals, including physicians, urologists, cardiologists, pharmacists, and nurse practitioners, a thorough understanding of tadalafil's uses, limitations, and potential side effects is essential when a patient is prescribed this agent for any of the FDA-approved indications and off-labeled uses. This understanding is crucial given the drug's impact on blood pressure and possible interactions with other medications. Close monitoring for changes in cardiovascular status, signs of prolonged erection, and abrupt vision or hearing loss is imperative.
Successful tadalafil treatment relies on a cohesive interprofessional healthcare team. Clinicians such as MDs, DOs, NPs, and PAs are typically responsible for initiating therapy, considering the patient's health and other medications. Pharmacists contribute significantly by checking drug interactions, ensuring correct dosage, and educating patients on side effects and medication management. Pharmacists can play an essential role in medication adherence, proper explanation of administration, and monitoring of adverse drug reactions.[49] In situations involving adverse reactions or complications, the entire healthcare team, including emergency physicians, must be equipped to stabilize the patient, addressing any critical side effects or cardiovascular issues. Collaboration with specialists, like cardiologists or urologists, is crucial in such cases, often requiring vigilant monitoring.[50] This collaborative interprofessional approach significantly enhances patient outcomes, ensuring efficient management of the conditions treated with tadalafil. Clinical evidence supports this team-based care strategy, highlighting its importance in optimizing treatment efficacy, reducing adverse effects, and handling complications associated with tadalafil therapy.
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