Managed Care

Issues of Concern

When discussing managed care, the overriding concern is the intermingling of the provider's finances with the amount and type of care they offer to the patient.[1][7] In the traditional gatekeeper HMO-type arrangement, the type and amount of care and service the patient provides directly connect to the provider's financial well-being. In a prospective prepayment full capitation model, if, on average, the provider gives more care and service to the patient than is called for by the targets set by the HMO (ie, high utilization or overuse), then the provider has a financial loss. On the other hand, if, on average, the provider gives less care and service than stipulated by the targets set by the HMO (ie, low utilization or underuse), then the provider would have a financial gain. Guardrails established by the plans mitigate this extreme dichotomy. Expected levels of preventive care that must be delivered with the use of risk adjustment techniques to allow higher expected utilization for patients with chronic conditions such as diabetes or congestive heart failure, which would be expected to need more care and service when compared to a healthy young patient with no medical diagnoses. Ideally, managed care aims to deliver only appropriate care and settle in the middle of the 2 extreme situations described above. The optimal managed care plan would be one where the provider offers the optimal, appropriate amount of care and service to each patient, then averages out across all the enrolled patients being cared for by that provider and is financially beneficial for the provider and clinically appropriate for the patient.   

Another concern that emerges with managed care is the perception of a lack of professional autonomy and the obligate burden or hassle factor that arises for the provider who must function in a more structured monitored environment and receive, analyze, and act upon utilization and quality reports sent to them from the teams at the managed care plan.[1][4] This added administrative burden inevitably adds to the provider’s administrative costs and is associated with a lessening sense of professional fulfillment on the part of the providers and is, in part, associated with a growing sense of burnout and lack of satisfaction being reported by providers.[5]

As experience with managed care becomes established in the health care setting, a concern arises around the risk that patient access may be limited by providers gaming the system and cherry-picking or seeking to serve only patients in one’s practice that are likely to be healthier, more likely to need less care and service and thus who would make it easier to meet the utilization and quality targets.[4][8] 

This gaming or cherry-picking would leave patients with chronic conditions or some level of medical complexity with less access to care because fewer providers would be available and willing to see them in their practices. If this gaming occurs, providers motivated to care for patients with chronic conditions or medical complexity would be financially disadvantaged by merely doing the right thing and making themselves available to those most in need of healthcare. Recognizing this potential disincentive, managed care plans mitigate this potential by risk-adjusting their measures and targets so that expected higher utilization that reflects appropriate care for a patient with a chronic condition is factored into the target setting. This risk adjustment accommodates providers who take on the added responsibilities of caring for a more chronically affected patient population.

Clinical Significance

Managed care was introduced to decrease overspending on patient care and the oversupply of healthcare services.[3][9] Various studies have shown the differences between fee-for-service and managed care. In a well-done comparative study over 10 years conducted in Switzerland, managed care produced substantial and sustainable cost savings to the healthcare system with significant decreases in inpatient mortality, hospitalizations, and length of stay.[10] In this analysis, the cost savings were driven by fewer subspecialty consultations for patients enrolled in managed care plans and shorter lengths of stays for those admitted to a hospital, which produced improved care measures.[10]

Like any other industry, healthcare has commercialized over the decades; thus, cost-cutting has met with continued backlash. This has given rise to managed competition, which offers the consumer full responsibility to choose the premium costs and overall health care coverage and adjust the care plan based on personal risk. This has helped incentivize physicians to provide better care with controlled costs.[11] In essence, managed care was designed to help centralize health care, contain patient costs, improve resource utilization, and improve patient quality of care. Over time, managed care seems to achieve these goals but still has a way to go before realizing its full potential.[11][12] However, it is still estimated that nearly 25% of healthcare spending in the US is wasted.[11]

Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions

Clinicians in the managed care plan perform utilization and quality management functions, including:

• Collecting the clinical information required for utilization and quality management activities
• Helping providers interpret the clinical relevance and appropriateness of the information being shared to the practice.
• Collecting and interpreting clinical information related to medication use [13][14][15][13] 

To help resolve some of the challenges associated with managed care and the interaction with providers delivering care to patients, the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy Professional Practice Committee has determined 9 concepts to strengthen the relationship between the provider and pharmacist. The organization also improves patient outcomes and mitigates resource use through utilization management criteria, keeping patient safety in mind with clinical decision-making through evidence-based review, providing transparent patient care without any roadblocks in therapy, and facilitating collaboration.[16]