[1]
Stanley AJ, Laine L. Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2019 Mar 25:364():l536. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l536. Epub 2019 Mar 25
[PubMed PMID: 30910853]
[2]
Perisetti A, Kopel J, Shredi A, Raghavapuram S, Tharian B, Nugent K. Prophylactic pre-esophagogastroduodenoscopy tracheal intubation in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 2019 Jan:32(1):22-25. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2018.1530007. Epub 2019 Jan 15
[PubMed PMID: 30956574]
[3]
Kamboj AK, Hoversten P, Leggett CL. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Etiologies and Management. Mayo Clinic proceedings. 2019 Apr:94(4):697-703. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.022. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30947833]
[4]
Fouad TR, Abdelsameea E, Abdel-Razek W, Attia A, Mohamed A, Metwally K, Naguib M, Waked I. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Egyptian patients with cirrhosis: Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2019 Sep:34(9):1604-1610. doi: 10.1111/jgh.14659. Epub 2019 Apr 1
[PubMed PMID: 30937995]
[5]
Peery AF, Crockett SD, Murphy CC, Lund JL, Dellon ES, Williams JL, Jensen ET, Shaheen NJ, Barritt AS, Lieber SR, Kochar B, Barnes EL, Fan YC, Pate V, Galanko J, Baron TH, Sandler RS. Burden and Cost of Gastrointestinal, Liver, and Pancreatic Diseases in the United States: Update 2018. Gastroenterology. 2019 Jan:156(1):254-272.e11. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.063. Epub 2018 Oct 10
[PubMed PMID: 30315778]
[6]
Cooper AS. Interventions for Preventing Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in People Admitted to Intensive Care Units. Critical care nurse. 2019 Apr:39(2):102-103. doi: 10.4037/ccn2019916. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30936135]
[7]
Hearnshaw SA, Logan RF, Lowe D, Travis SP, Murphy MF, Palmer KR. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit. Gut. 2011 Oct:60(10):1327-35. doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.228437. Epub 2011 Apr 13
[PubMed PMID: 21490373]
[8]
Enestvedt BK, Gralnek IM, Mattek N, Lieberman DA, Eisen G. An evaluation of endoscopic indications and findings related to nonvariceal upper-GI hemorrhage in a large multicenter consortium. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2008 Mar:67(3):422-9. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.09.024. Epub 2008 Jan 18
[PubMed PMID: 18206878]
[9]
Wuerth BA, Rockey DC. Changing Epidemiology of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in the Last Decade: A Nationwide Analysis. Digestive diseases and sciences. 2018 May:63(5):1286-1293. doi: 10.1007/s10620-017-4882-6. Epub 2017 Dec 27
[PubMed PMID: 29282637]
[10]
Abougergi MS, Travis AC, Saltzman JR. The in-hospital mortality rate for upper GI hemorrhage has decreased over 2 decades in the United States: a nationwide analysis. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2015 Apr:81(4):882-8.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.09.027. Epub 2014 Dec 5
[PubMed PMID: 25484324]
[11]
Sehested TSG, Carlson N, Hansen PW, Gerds TA, Charlot MG, Torp-Pedersen C, Køber L, Gislason GH, Hlatky MA, Fosbøl EL. Reduced risk of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with proton pump inhibitor therapy in patients treated with dual antiplatelet therapy after myocardial infarction. European heart journal. 2019 Jun 21:40(24):1963-1970. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz104. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30851041]
[12]
Abraham NS, Noseworthy PA, Inselman J, Herrin J, Yao X, Sangaralingham LR, Cornish G, Ngufor C, Shah ND. Risk of Gastrointestinal Bleeding Increases With Combinations of Antithrombotic Agents and Patient Age. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2020 Feb:18(2):337-346.e19. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.05.017. Epub 2019 May 18
[PubMed PMID: 31108228]
[13]
Narayanan M, Reddy KM, Marsicano E. Peptic Ulcer Disease and Helicobacter pylori infection. Missouri medicine. 2018 May-Jun:115(3):219-224
[PubMed PMID: 30228726]
[14]
Addley J, Tham TC, Cash WJ. Use of portal pressure studies in the management of variceal haemorrhage. World journal of gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2012 Jul 16:4(7):281-9. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v4.i7.281. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 22816007]
[15]
Maruyama H, Yokosuka O. Pathophysiology of portal hypertension and esophageal varices. International journal of hepatology. 2012:2012():895787. doi: 10.1155/2012/895787. Epub 2012 May 15
[PubMed PMID: 22666604]
[16]
Kaplan DE, Ripoll C, Thiele M, Fortune BE, Simonetto DA, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J. AASLD Practice Guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2024 May 1:79(5):1180-1211. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000647. Epub 2023 Oct 23
[PubMed PMID: 37870298]
[17]
Srygley FD, Gerardo CJ, Tran T, Fisher DA. Does this patient have a severe upper gastrointestinal bleed? JAMA. 2012 Mar 14:307(10):1072-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.253. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 22416103]
[18]
Mocker L, Hildenbrand R, Oyama T, Sido B, Yahagi N, Dumoulin FL. Implementation of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early upper gastrointestinal tract cancer after primary experience in colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection. Endoscopy international open. 2019 Apr:7(4):E446-E451. doi: 10.1055/a-0854-3610. Epub 2019 Mar 21
[PubMed PMID: 30931376]
[19]
Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine, National Medical Journal of China, Chinese Journal of Digestion, Chinese Journal of Digestive Endoscopy, Chinese Digestive Endoscopist Association. [Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (2018, Hangzhou)]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi. 2019 Mar 1:58(3):173-180. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2019.03.005. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30803174]
[20]
Bai Y, Li ZS. [Standardize the diagnosis and treatment of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding based on the update guidelines]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi. 2019 Mar 1:58(3):161-163. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2019.03.001. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30803170]
[21]
Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC. Selection of patients for early discharge or outpatient care after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. National Audit of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage. Lancet (London, England). 1996 Apr 27:347(9009):1138-40
[PubMed PMID: 8609747]
[22]
Monteiro S, Gonçalves TC, Magalhães J, Cotter J. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk scores: Who, when and why? World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology. 2016 Feb 15:7(1):86-96. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.86. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 26909231]
[23]
Saltzman JR, Tabak YP, Hyett BH, Sun X, Travis AC, Johannes RS. A simple risk score accurately predicts in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost in acute upper GI bleeding. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2011 Dec:74(6):1215-24. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.06.024. Epub 2011 Sep 10
[PubMed PMID: 21907980]
[24]
Blatchford O, Murray WR, Blatchford M. A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet (London, England). 2000 Oct 14:356(9238):1318-21
[PubMed PMID: 11073021]
[25]
Stanley AJ, Laine L, Dalton HR, Ngu JH, Schultz M, Abazi R, Zakko L, Thornton S, Wilkinson K, Khor CJ, Murray IA, Laursen SB, International Gastrointestinal Bleeding Consortium. Comparison of risk scoring systems for patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: international multicentre prospective study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2017 Jan 4:356():i6432. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6432. Epub 2017 Jan 4
[PubMed PMID: 28053181]
[26]
Laine L, Barkun AN, Saltzman JR, Martel M, Leontiadis GI. ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2021 May 1:116(5):899-917. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001245. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 33929377]
[27]
Gralnek IM, Stanley AJ, Morris AJ, Camus M, Lau J, Lanas A, Laursen SB, Radaelli F, Papanikolaou IS, Cúrdia Gonçalves T, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Awadie H, Braun G, de Groot N, Udd M, Sanchez-Yague A, Neeman Z, van Hooft JE. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Update 2021. Endoscopy. 2021 Mar:53(3):300-332. doi: 10.1055/a-1369-5274. Epub 2021 Feb 10
[PubMed PMID: 33567467]
[28]
Lau JYW, Yu Y, Tang RSY, Chan HCH, Yip HC, Chan SM, Luk SWY, Wong SH, Lau LHS, Lui RN, Chan TT, Mak JWY, Chan FKL, Sung JJY. Timing of Endoscopy for Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. The New England journal of medicine. 2020 Apr 2:382(14):1299-1308. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1912484. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 32242355]
[29]
Cooper GS, Chak A, Way LE, Hammar PJ, Harper DL, Rosenthal GE. Early endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: associations with recurrent bleeding, surgery, and length of hospital stay. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 1999 Feb:49(2):145-52
[PubMed PMID: 9925690]
[30]
Cooper GS, Kou TD, Wong RC. Use and impact of early endoscopy in elderly patients with peptic ulcer hemorrhage: a population-based analysis. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2009 Aug:70(2):229-35. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.10.052. Epub 2009 Mar 29
[PubMed PMID: 19329112]
[31]
Chen PH, Chen WC, Hou MC, Liu TT, Chang CJ, Liao WC, Su CW, Wang HM, Lin HC, Lee FY, Lee SD. Delayed endoscopy increases re-bleeding and mortality in patients with hematemesis and active esophageal variceal bleeding: a cohort study. Journal of hepatology. 2012 Dec:57(6):1207-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.038. Epub 2012 Aug 8
[PubMed PMID: 22885718]
[32]
Bai Z, Wang R, Cheng G, Ma D, Ibrahim M, Chawla S, Qi X. Outcomes of early versus delayed endoscopy in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding: a systematic review with meta-analysis. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology. 2021 Dec 1:33(1S Suppl 1):e868-e876. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000002282. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 35048654]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[33]
Tse JR, Shen J, Shah R, Fleischmann D, Kamaya A. Extravasation Volume at Computed Tomography Angiography Correlates With Bleeding Rate and Prognosis in Patients With Overt Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Investigative radiology. 2021 Jun 1:56(6):394-400. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000753. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 33449577]
[34]
Sengupta N, Kastenberg DM, Bruining DH, Latorre M, Leighton JA, Brook OR, Wells ML, Guglielmo FF, Naringrekar HV, Gee MS, Soto JA, Park SH, Yoo DC, Ramalingam V, Huete A, Khandelwal A, Gupta A, Allen BC, Anderson MA, Dane BR, Sokhandon F, Grand DJ, Tse JR, Fidler JL. The Role of Imaging for GI Bleeding: ACG and SAR Consensus Recommendations. Radiology. 2024 Mar:310(3):e232298. doi: 10.1148/radiol.232298. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 38441091]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[35]
ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Acosta RD, Abraham NS, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, Early DS, Eloubeidi MA, Evans JA, Faulx AL, Fisher DA, Fonkalsrud L, Hwang JH, Khashab MA, Lightdale JR, Muthusamy VR, Pasha SF, Saltzman JR, Shaukat A, Shergill AK, Wang A, Cash BD, DeWitt JM. The management of antithrombotic agents for patients undergoing GI endoscopy. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2016 Jan:83(1):3-16. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2015.09.035. Epub 2015 Nov 24
[PubMed PMID: 26621548]
[36]
Abraham NS, Barkun AN, Sauer BG, Douketis J, Laine L, Noseworthy PA, Telford JJ, Leontiadis GI. American College of Gastroenterology-Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets During Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding and the Periendoscopic Period. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2022 Apr 1:117(4):542-558. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001627. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 35297395]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[37]
Baradarian R, Ramdhaney S, Chapalamadugu R, Skoczylas L, Wang K, Rivilis S, Remus K, Mayer I, Iswara K, Tenner S. Early intensive resuscitation of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding decreases mortality. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2004 Apr:99(4):619-22
[PubMed PMID: 15089891]
[38]
Sung JJ, Tsoi KK, Ma TK, Yung MY, Lau JY, Chiu PW. Causes of mortality in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective cohort study of 10,428 cases. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2010 Jan:105(1):84-9. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.507. Epub 2009 Sep 15
[PubMed PMID: 19755976]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[39]
Odutayo A, Desborough MJ, Trivella M, Stanley AJ, Dorée C, Collins GS, Hopewell S, Brunskill SJ, Kahan BC, Logan RF, Barkun AN, Murphy MF, Jairath V. Restrictive versus liberal blood transfusion for gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2017 May:2(5):354-360. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(17)30054-7. Epub 2017 Mar 23
[PubMed PMID: 28397699]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[40]
Villanueva C,Colomo A,Bosch A,Concepci�n M,Hernandez-Gea V,Aracil C,Graupera I,Poca M,Alvarez-Urturi C,Gordillo J,Guarner-Argente C,Santal� M,Mu�iz E,Guarner C, Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The New England journal of medicine. 2013 Jan 3;
[PubMed PMID: 23281973]
[41]
Ramos GP, Binder M, Hampel P, Braga Neto MB, Sunjaya D, Al Bawardy B, Abu Dayyeh BK, Buttar NS, Bruining DH, Prabhu-Coelho N, Larson MV, Wong Kee Song LM, Rajan E. Outcomes of endoscopic intervention for overt GI bleeding in severe thrombocytopenia. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2018 Jul:88(1):55-61. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2018.01.028. Epub 2018 Feb 2
[PubMed PMID: 29408558]
[42]
Kaufman RM, Djulbegovic B, Gernsheimer T, Kleinman S, Tinmouth AT, Capocelli KE, Cipolle MD, Cohn CS, Fung MK, Grossman BJ, Mintz PD, O'Malley BA, Sesok-Pizzini DA, Shander A, Stack GE, Webert KE, Weinstein R, Welch BG, Whitman GJ, Wong EC, Tobian AA, AABB. Platelet transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB. Annals of internal medicine. 2015 Feb 3:162(3):205-13. doi: 10.7326/M14-1589. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 25383671]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[43]
ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Ben-Menachem T, Decker GA, Early DS, Evans J, Fanelli RD, Fisher DA, Fisher L, Fukami N, Hwang JH, Ikenberry SO, Jain R, Jue TL, Khan KM, Krinsky ML, Malpas PM, Maple JT, Sharaf RN, Dominitz JA, Cash BD. Adverse events of upper GI endoscopy. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2012 Oct:76(4):707-18. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.03.252. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 22985638]
[44]
Sung JJ, Lau JY, Ching JY, Wu JC, Lee YT, Chiu PW, Leung VK, Wong VW, Chan FK. Continuation of low-dose aspirin therapy in peptic ulcer bleeding: a randomized trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2010 Jan 5:152(1):1-9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-1-201001050-00179. Epub 2009 Nov 30
[PubMed PMID: 19949136]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[45]
Connolly SJ, Crowther M, Eikelboom JW, Gibson CM, Curnutte JT, Lawrence JH, Yue P, Bronson MD, Lu G, Conley PB, Verhamme P, Schmidt J, Middeldorp S, Cohen AT, Beyer-Westendorf J, Albaladejo P, Lopez-Sendon J, Demchuk AM, Pallin DJ, Concha M, Goodman S, Leeds J, Souza S, Siegal DM, Zotova E, Meeks B, Ahmad S, Nakamya J, Milling TJ Jr, ANNEXA-4 Investigators. Full Study Report of Andexanet Alfa for Bleeding Associated with Factor Xa Inhibitors. The New England journal of medicine. 2019 Apr 4:380(14):1326-1335. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1814051. Epub 2019 Feb 7
[PubMed PMID: 30730782]
[46]
Nagata N, Sakurai T, Moriyasu S, Shimbo T, Okubo H, Watanabe K, Yokoi C, Yanase M, Akiyama J, Uemura N. Impact of INR monitoring, reversal agent use, heparin bridging, and anticoagulant interruption on rebleeding and thromboembolism in acute gastrointestinal bleeding. PloS one. 2017:12(9):e0183423. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183423. Epub 2017 Sep 1
[PubMed PMID: 28863196]
[47]
Shingina A, Barkun AN, Razzaghi A, Martel M, Bardou M, Gralnek I, RUGBE Investigators. Systematic review: the presenting international normalised ratio (INR) as a predictor of outcome in patients with upper nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2011 May:33(9):1010-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04618.x. Epub 2011 Mar 8
[PubMed PMID: 21385193]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[48]
Wolf AT, Wasan SK, Saltzman JR. Impact of anticoagulation on rebleeding following endoscopic therapy for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2007 Feb:102(2):290-6
[PubMed PMID: 17100959]
[49]
Lau JY, Leung WK, Wu JC, Chan FK, Wong VW, Chiu PW, Lee VW, Lee KK, Cheung FK, Siu P, Ng EK, Sung JJ. Omeprazole before endoscopy in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. The New England journal of medicine. 2007 Apr 19:356(16):1631-40
[PubMed PMID: 17442905]
[50]
Sung JJ, Barkun A, Kuipers EJ, Mössner J, Jensen DM, Stuart R, Lau JY, Ahlbom H, Kilhamn J, Lind T, Peptic Ulcer Bleed Study Group. Intravenous esomeprazole for prevention of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding: a randomized trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2009 Apr 7:150(7):455-64
[PubMed PMID: 19221370]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[51]
Sung JJ, Suen BY, Wu JC, Lau JY, Ching JY, Lee VW, Chiu PW, Tsoi KK, Chan FK. Effects of intravenous and oral esomeprazole in the prevention of recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcers after endoscopic therapy. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2014 Jul:109(7):1005-10. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.105. Epub 2014 Apr 29
[PubMed PMID: 24777150]
[52]
Zargar SA, Javid G, Khan BA, Yattoo GN, Shah AH, Gulzar GM, Sodhi JS, Mujeeb SA, Khan MA, Shah NA, Shafi HM. Pantoprazole infusion as adjuvant therapy to endoscopic treatment in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding: prospective randomized controlled trial. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2006 Apr:21(4):716-21
[PubMed PMID: 16677158]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[53]
Wei KL, Tung SY, Sheen CH, Chang TS, Lee IL, Wu CS. Effect of oral esomeprazole on recurrent bleeding after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2007 Jan:22(1):43-6
[PubMed PMID: 17201879]
[54]
Cheng HC, Wu CT, Chang WL, Cheng WC, Chen WY, Sheu BS. Double oral esomeprazole after a 3-day intravenous esomeprazole infusion reduces recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding in high-risk patients: a randomised controlled study. Gut. 2014 Dec:63(12):1864-72. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306531. Epub 2014 Mar 21
[PubMed PMID: 24658598]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[55]
Seo YS, Park SY, Kim MY, Kim JH, Park JY, Yim HJ, Jang BK, Kim HS, Hahn T, Kim BI, Heo J, An H, Tak WY, Baik SK, Han KH, Hwang JS, Park SH, Cho M, Um SH. Lack of difference among terlipressin, somatostatin, and octreotide in the control of acute gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2014 Sep:60(3):954-63. doi: 10.1002/hep.27006. Epub 2014 Jul 25
[PubMed PMID: 24415445]
[56]
Wells M, Chande N, Adams P, Beaton M, Levstik M, Boyce E, Mrkobrada M. Meta-analysis: vasoactive medications for the management of acute variceal bleeds. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2012 Jun:35(11):1267-78. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05088.x. Epub 2012 Apr 8
[PubMed PMID: 22486630]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[57]
Szary NM, Gupta R, Choudhary A, Matteson ML, Arif M, Hammad HT, Bechtold ML. Erythromycin prior to endoscopy in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. 2011 Jul:46(7-8):920-4. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2011.568520. Epub 2011 May 11
[PubMed PMID: 21561232]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[58]
Gralnek IM, Dumonceau JM, Kuipers EJ, Lanas A, Sanders DS, Kurien M, Rotondano G, Hucl T, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Marmo R, Racz I, Arezzo A, Hoffmann RT, Lesur G, de Franchis R, Aabakken L, Veitch A, Radaelli F, Salgueiro P, Cardoso R, Maia L, Zullo A, Cipolletta L, Hassan C. Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy. 2015 Oct:47(10):a1-46. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1393172. Epub 2015 Sep 29
[PubMed PMID: 26417980]
[59]
Laine L, McQuaid KR. Endoscopic therapy for bleeding ulcers: an evidence-based approach based on meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2009 Jan:7(1):33-47; quiz 1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.08.016. Epub 2008 Aug 16
[PubMed PMID: 18986845]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[60]
Bapaye J, Chandan S, Naing LY, Shehadah A, Deliwala S, Bhalla V, Chathuranga D, Okolo PI 3rd. Safety and efficacy of over-the-scope clips versus standard therapy for high-risk nonvariceal upper GI bleeding: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2022 Nov:96(5):712-720.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2022.06.032. Epub 2022 Jul 5
[PubMed PMID: 35803307]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[61]
Aziz M, Weissman S, Mehta TI, Hassan S, Khan Z, Fatima R, Tsirlin Y, Hassan A, Sciarra M, Nawras A, Rastogi A. Efficacy of Hemospray in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Annals of gastroenterology. 2020 Mar-Apr:33(2):145-154. doi: 10.20524/aog.2020.0448. Epub 2020 Jan 20
[PubMed PMID: 32127735]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[62]
Lau JYW, Pittayanon R, Kwek A, Tang RS, Chan H, Rerknimitr R, Lee J, Ang TL, Suen BY, Yu YY, Chan FKL, Sung JJY. Comparison of a Hemostatic Powder and Standard Treatment in the Control of Active Bleeding From Upper Nonvariceal Lesions : A Multicenter, Noninferiority, Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2022 Feb:175(2):171-178. doi: 10.7326/M21-0975. Epub 2021 Dec 7
[PubMed PMID: 34871051]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[63]
Pittayanon R, Khongka W, Linlawan S, Thungsuk R, Aumkaew S, Teeratorn N, Maytapa J, Kimtrakool S, Pakvisal P, Kongtub N, Rerknimitr R, Barkun A. Hemostatic Powder vs Standard Endoscopic Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor Bleeding: A Multicenter Randomized Trial. Gastroenterology. 2023 Sep:165(3):762-772.e2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.05.042. Epub 2023 Jun 3
[PubMed PMID: 37277078]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[64]
Uraoka T, Uedo N, Oyama T, Saito Y, Yahagi N, Fujimoto A, Kawahara Y, Mabe K, Hikichi T, Yamamoto Y, Tajiri H. Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Hemostatic Peptide Solution During Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. The American journal of gastroenterology. 2023 Feb 1:118(2):276-283. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002060. Epub 2022 Nov 30
[PubMed PMID: 36449784]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[65]
Branchi F, Klingenberg-Noftz R, Friedrich K, Bürgel N, Daum S, Buchkremer J, Sonnenberg E, Schumann M, Treese C, Tröger H, Lissner D, Epple HJ, Siegmund B, Stroux A, Adler A, Veltzke-Schlieker W, Autenrieth D, Leonhardt S, Fischer A, Jürgensen C, Pape UF, Wiedenmann B, Möschler O, Schreiner M, Strowski MZ, Hempel V, Huber Y, Neumann H, Bojarski C. PuraStat in gastrointestinal bleeding: results of a prospective multicentre observational pilot study. Surgical endoscopy. 2022 May:36(5):2954-2961. doi: 10.1007/s00464-021-08589-6. Epub 2021 Jun 15
[PubMed PMID: 34129089]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[66]
Nicoară-Farcău O, Han G, Rudler M, Angrisani D, Monescillo A, Torres F, Casanovas G, Bosch J, Lv Y, Thabut D, Fan D, Hernández-Gea V, García-Pagán JC, Preemptive TIPS Individual Data Metanalysis, International Variceal Bleeding Study and Baveno Cooperation Study groups. Effects of Early Placement of Transjugular Portosystemic Shunts in Patients With High-Risk Acute Variceal Bleeding: a Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data. Gastroenterology. 2021 Jan:160(1):193-205.e10. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.026. Epub 2020 Sep 24
[PubMed PMID: 32980344]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[67]
García-Pagán JC, Caca K, Bureau C, Laleman W, Appenrodt B, Luca A, Abraldes JG, Nevens F, Vinel JP, Mössner J, Bosch J, Early TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt) Cooperative Study Group. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. The New England journal of medicine. 2010 Jun 24:362(25):2370-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0910102. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 20573925]
[68]
Hernández-Gea V, Procopet B, Giráldez Á, Amitrano L, Villanueva C, Thabut D, Ibañez-Samaniego L, Silva-Junior G, Martinez J, Genescà J, Bureau C, Trebicka J, Llop E, Laleman W, Palazon JM, Castellote J, Rodrigues S, Gluud LL, Noronha Ferreira C, Barcelo R, Cañete N, Rodríguez M, Ferlitsch A, Mundi JL, Gronbaek H, Hernández-Guerra M, Sassatelli R, Dell'Era A, Senzolo M, Abraldes JG, Romero-Gómez M, Zipprich A, Casas M, Masnou H, Primignani M, Krag A, Nevens F, Calleja JL, Jansen C, Robic MA, Conejo I, Catalina MV, Albillos A, Rudler M, Alvarado E, Guardascione MA, Tantau M, Bosch J, Torres F, Garcia-Pagán JC, International Variceal Bleeding Observational Study Group and Baveno Cooperation. Preemptive-TIPS Improves Outcome in High-Risk Variceal Bleeding: An Observational Study. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2019 Jan:69(1):282-293. doi: 10.1002/hep.30182. Epub 2018 Dec 10
[PubMed PMID: 30014519]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[69]
Trebicka J, Gu W, Ibáñez-Samaniego L, Hernández-Gea V, Pitarch C, Garcia E, Procopet B, Giráldez Á, Amitrano L, Villanueva C, Thabut D, Silva-Junior G, Martinez J, Genescà J, Bureau C, Llop E, Laleman W, Palazon JM, Castellote J, Rodrigues S, Gluud L, Ferreira CN, Barcelo R, Cañete N, Rodríguez M, Ferlitsch A, Mundi JL, Gronbaek H, Hernández-Guerra M, Sassatelli R, Dell'Era A, Senzolo M, Abraldes JG, Romero-Gómez M, Zipprich A, Casas M, Masnou H, Primignani M, Weiss E, Catalina MV, Erasmus HP, Uschner FE, Schulz M, Brol MJ, Praktiknjo M, Chang J, Krag A, Nevens F, Calleja JL, Robic MA, Conejo I, Albillos A, Rudler M, Alvarado E, Guardascione MA, Tantau M, Bosch J, Torres F, Pavesi M, Garcia-Pagán JC, Jansen C, Bañares R, International Variceal Bleeding Observational Study Group and Baveno Cooperation. Rebleeding and mortality risk are increased by ACLF but reduced by pre-emptive TIPS. Journal of hepatology. 2020 Nov:73(5):1082-1091. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.024. Epub 2020 Apr 24
[PubMed PMID: 32339602]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[70]
Lau JY, Sung JJ, Lam YH, Chan AC, Ng EK, Lee DW, Chan FK, Suen RC, Chung SC. Endoscopic retreatment compared with surgery in patients with recurrent bleeding after initial endoscopic control of bleeding ulcers. The New England journal of medicine. 1999 Mar 11:340(10):751-6
[PubMed PMID: 10072409]
[71]
de Franchis R, Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: Stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. Journal of hepatology. 2015 Sep:63(3):743-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.022. Epub 2015 Jun 3
[PubMed PMID: 26047908]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence