[1]
Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. The New England journal of medicine. 1999 Sep 2:341(10):709-17
[PubMed PMID: 10471456]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[2]
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Colvin MM, Drazner MH, Filippatos GS, Fonarow GC, Givertz MM, Hollenberg SM, Lindenfeld J, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, Peterson PN, Stevenson LW, Westlake C. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Journal of cardiac failure. 2017 Aug:23(8):628-651. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.04.014. Epub 2017 Apr 28
[PubMed PMID: 28461259]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[3]
McDiarmid AK, Swoboda PP, Erhayiem B, Bounford KA, Bijsterveld P, Tyndall K, Fent GJ, Garg P, Dobson LE, Musa TA, Foley JRJ, Witte KK, Kearney MT, Greenwood JP, Plein S. Myocardial Effects of Aldosterone Antagonism in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020 Jan 7:9(1):e011521. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.011521. Epub 2019 Dec 19
[PubMed PMID: 31852424]
[4]
Agrawal S, Agrawal N, Garg J, Mohandas R, Gupta T, Segal M. Heart failure and chronic kidney disease: should we use spironolactone? The American journal of the medical sciences. 2015 Aug:350(2):147-51. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000514. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 26086152]
[5]
Yang CT, Kor CT, Hsieh YP. Long-Term Effects of Spironolactone on Kidney Function and Hyperkalemia-Associated Hospitalization in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of clinical medicine. 2018 Nov 21:7(11):. doi: 10.3390/jcm7110459. Epub 2018 Nov 21
[PubMed PMID: 30469400]
[6]
Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, Calhoun DA. Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension. American journal of hypertension. 2003 Nov:16(11 Pt 1):925-30
[PubMed PMID: 14573330]
[7]
Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, Webb DJ, Sever P, McInnes G, Ford I, Cruickshank JK, Caulfield MJ, Salsbury J, Mackenzie I, Padmanabhan S, Brown MJ, British Hypertension Society's PATHWAY Studies Group. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet (London, England). 2015 Nov 21:386(10008):2059-2068. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00257-3. Epub 2015 Sep 20
[PubMed PMID: 26414968]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[8]
Krieger EM, Drager LF, Giorgi DMA, Pereira AC, Barreto-Filho JAS, Nogueira AR, Mill JG, Lotufo PA, Amodeo C, Batista MC, Bodanese LC, Carvalho ACC, Castro I, Chaves H, Costa EAS, Feitosa GS, Franco RJS, Fuchs FD, Guimarães AC, Jardim PC, Machado CA, Magalhães ME, Mion D Jr, Nascimento RM, Nobre F, Nóbrega AC, Ribeiro ALP, Rodrigues-Sobrinho CR, Sanjuliani AF, Teixeira MDCB, Krieger JE, ReHOT Investigators. Spironolactone Versus Clonidine as a Fourth-Drug Therapy for Resistant Hypertension: The ReHOT Randomized Study (Resistant Hypertension Optimal Treatment). Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979). 2018 Apr:71(4):681-690. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10662. Epub 2018 Feb 20
[PubMed PMID: 29463627]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[9]
Moore KP, Aithal GP. Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis. Gut. 2006 Oct:55 Suppl 6(Suppl 6):vi1-12
[PubMed PMID: 16966752]
[10]
Kapur G, Valentini RP, Imam AA, Mattoo TK. Treatment of severe edema in children with nephrotic syndrome with diuretics alone--a prospective study. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2009 May:4(5):907-13. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04390808. Epub 2009 Apr 30
[PubMed PMID: 19406963]
[11]
Lang GR, Westenfelder C, Nascimento L, Dhupelia VB, Arruda JA, Kane RE. Metolazone and spironolactone in cirrhosis and the nephrotic syndrome. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 1977 Feb:21(2):234-43
[PubMed PMID: 319937]
[12]
Layton AM, Eady EA, Whitehouse H, Del Rosso JQ, Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ. Oral Spironolactone for Acne Vulgaris in Adult Females: A Hybrid Systematic Review. American journal of clinical dermatology. 2017 Apr:18(2):169-191. doi: 10.1007/s40257-016-0245-x. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28155090]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[13]
Charny JW, Choi JK, James WD. Spironolactone for the treatment of acne in women, a retrospective study of 110 patients. International journal of women's dermatology. 2017 Jun:3(2):111-115. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2016.12.002. Epub 2017 Mar 13
[PubMed PMID: 28560306]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[14]
Cumming DC. Use of spironolactone in treatment of hirsutism. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 1990 May:57(3):285-7
[PubMed PMID: 2357784]
[15]
Lainscak M, Pelliccia F, Rosano G, Vitale C, Schiariti M, Greco C, Speziale G, Gaudio C. Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone. International journal of cardiology. 2015 Dec 1:200():25-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.127. Epub 2015 May 21
[PubMed PMID: 26404748]
[16]
Greenblatt DJ, Koch-Weser J. Adverse reactions to spironolactone. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. JAMA. 1973 Jul 2:225(1):40-3
[PubMed PMID: 4740303]
[18]
Ko DT, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, You JJ, Wang JT, Donovan LR, Tu JV. Appropriateness of spironolactone prescribing in heart failure patients: a population-based study. Journal of cardiac failure. 2006 Apr:12(3):205-10
[PubMed PMID: 16624686]
[19]
Wrenger E, Müller R, Moesenthin M, Welte T, Frölich JC, Neumann KH. Interaction of spironolactone with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers: analysis of 44 cases. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2003 Jul 19:327(7407):147-9
[PubMed PMID: 12869459]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence