Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by a deficiency in one of the enzymes required for steroid biosynthesis in the adrenal glands. The most common cause of CAH is 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) defic

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the deficiency of one of the enzymes required to synthesize cortisol in the adrenal cortex. Over 90% of CAH cases are caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency, whi

A 24-hour urinalysis is a timed urine collection used for evaluating urinary stone disease, proteinuria (eg, amyloidosis, lupus nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and preeclampsia), multiple myeloma, pheochromocytoma (fractionated metanephrines and catec

Roughly half of all symptomatic renal calculi are potentially preventable with proper diagnosis and treatment for underlying chemical stone-promoting risk factors.[1][2][3] There is little question that our current medical evaluation and pr

2-octyl cyanoacrylate is one of the most commonly used, commercially available wound adhesives. It received initial approval in 1998 as an alternative to closure of skin wounds with 5-0 or smaller sutures, staples, or adhesive strips by the Federal D

MDMA, or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, is a synthetic amphetamine derivative known as a recreational drug since the 1980s by street names such as "Ecstacy," "E," "Molly," "XTC," "X," "Beans," and "Adams." The entactogenic properties fo

The airway is an essential component of the body that requires protection, regardless of the reason for a patient's presence in a hospital, whether it's for outpatient surgery or admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) for observation and the

A 38-year-old African American male who emigrated from Somalia 10 years ago presented with a 6-month history of lower extremity swelling, 20-pound (9 kg) weight gain over 4 weeks, and new-onset microscopic hematuria. He had no prior history of edema,

Ambiguous genitalia is a very rare problem encountered in newborns, with a prevalence of 1 in 4500 live births. Even with the recent advances in technology like genetic workup, an assay of hormones, and karyotyping, only 20% to 40% of the time can th

Fractures of the fifth metatarsal are common injuries that must be recognized and treated appropriately to avoid poor clinical outcomes for the patient. Since orthopedic surgeon Sir Robert Jones first described these fractures in 1902, there has been