[1]
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction, Jaffe AS, Apple FS, Galvani M, Katus HA, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Chaitman B, Clemmensen PM, Dellborg M, Hod H, Porela P, Underwood R, Bax JJ, Beller GA, Bonow R, Van der Wall EE, Bassand JP, Wijns W, Ferguson TB, Steg PG, Uretsky BF, Williams DO, Armstrong PW, Antman EM, Fox KA, Hamm CW, Ohman EM, Simoons ML, Poole-Wilson PA, Gurfinkel EP, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Mendis S, Zhu JR, Wallentin LC, Fernández-Avilés F, Fox KM, Parkhomenko AN, Priori SG, Tendera M, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Vahanian A, Camm AJ, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL, Morais J, Brener S, Harrington R, Morrow D, Lim M, Martinez-Rios MA, Steinhubl S, Levine GN, Gibler WB, Goff D, Tubaro M, Dudek D, Al-Attar N. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2007 Nov 27:116(22):2634-53
[PubMed PMID: 17951284]
[2]
Reimer KA, Jennings RB, Tatum AH. Pathobiology of acute myocardial ischemia: metabolic, functional and ultrastructural studies. The American journal of cardiology. 1983 Jul 20:52(2):72A-81A
[PubMed PMID: 6869259]
[3]
Apple FS, Sandoval Y, Jaffe AS, Ordonez-Llanos J, IFCC Task Force on Clinical Applications of Cardiac Bio-Markers. Cardiac Troponin Assays: Guide to Understanding Analytical Characteristics and Their Impact on Clinical Care. Clinical chemistry. 2017 Jan:63(1):73-81. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.255109. Epub 2016 Oct 10
[PubMed PMID: 28062612]
Level 3 (low-level) evidence
[4]
Goodman SG, Steg PG, Eagle KA, Fox KA, López-Sendón J, Montalescot G, Budaj A, Kennelly BM, Gore JM, Allegrone J, Granger CB, Gurfinkel EP, GRACE Investigators. The diagnostic and prognostic impact of the redefinition of acute myocardial infarction: lessons from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). American heart journal. 2006 Mar:151(3):654-60
[PubMed PMID: 16504627]
[5]
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L, INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet (London, England). 2004 Sep 11-17:364(9438):937-52
[PubMed PMID: 15364185]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[6]
Anand SS, Islam S, Rosengren A, Franzosi MG, Steyn K, Yusufali AH, Keltai M, Diaz R, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, INTERHEART Investigators. Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men: insights from the INTERHEART study. European heart journal. 2008 Apr:29(7):932-40. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn018. Epub 2008 Mar 10
[PubMed PMID: 18334475]
[7]
Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, Newcomer LM, Upson B, Ullmann D, Tishler PV, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA. 1992 Aug 19:268(7):877-81
[PubMed PMID: 1640615]
[8]
Nielsen M, Andersson C, Gerds TA, Andersen PK, Jensen TB, Køber L, Gislason G, Torp-Pedersen C. Familial clustering of myocardial infarction in first-degree relatives: a nationwide study. European heart journal. 2013 Apr:34(16):1198-203. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs475. Epub 2013 Jan 7
[PubMed PMID: 23297314]
[9]
Samani NJ, Burton P, Mangino M, Ball SG, Balmforth AJ, Barrett J, Bishop T, Hall A, BHF Family Heart Study Research Group. A genomewide linkage study of 1,933 families affected by premature coronary artery disease: The British Heart Foundation (BHF) Family Heart Study. American journal of human genetics. 2005 Dec:77(6):1011-20
[PubMed PMID: 16380912]
[10]
Wang Q, Rao S, Shen GQ, Li L, Moliterno DJ, Newby LK, Rogers WJ, Cannata R, Zirzow E, Elston RC, Topol EJ. Premature myocardial infarction novel susceptibility locus on chromosome 1P34-36 identified by genomewide linkage analysis. American journal of human genetics. 2004 Feb:74(2):262-71
[PubMed PMID: 14732905]
[11]
Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, Howard VJ, Rumsfeld J, Manolio T, Zheng ZJ, Flegal K, O'Donnell C, Kittner S, Lloyd-Jones D, Goff DC Jr, Hong Y, Adams R, Friday G, Furie K, Gorelick P, Kissela B, Marler J, Meigs J, Roger V, Sidney S, Sorlie P, Steinberger J, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Wilson M, Wolf P, American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2006 Feb 14:113(6):e85-151
[PubMed PMID: 16407573]
[12]
Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Delling FN, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Ferguson JF, Fornage M, Gillespie C, Isasi CR, Jiménez MC, Jordan LC, Judd SE, Lackland D, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth L, Liu S, Longenecker CT, Lutsey PL, Mackey JS, Matchar DB, Matsushita K, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, O'Flaherty M, Palaniappan LP, Pandey A, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Ritchey MD, Rodriguez CJ, Roth GA, Rosamond WD, Sampson UKA, Satou GM, Shah SH, Spartano NL, Tirschwell DL, Tsao CW, Voeks JH, Willey JZ, Wilkins JT, Wu JH, Alger HM, Wong SS, Muntner P, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018 Mar 20:137(12):e67-e492. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558. Epub 2018 Jan 31
[PubMed PMID: 29386200]
[13]
Frangogiannis NG. Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction. Comprehensive Physiology. 2015 Sep 20:5(4):1841-75. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c150006. Epub 2015 Sep 20
[PubMed PMID: 26426469]
[14]
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD, Mickley H, Crea F, Van de Werf F, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Katus HA, Pinto FJ, Antman EM, Hamm CW, De Caterina R, Januzzi JL Jr, Apple FS, Alonso Garcia MA, Underwood SR, Canty JM Jr, Lyon AR, Devereaux PJ, Zamorano JL, Lindahl B, Weintraub WS, Newby LK, Virmani R, Vranckx P, Cutlip D, Gibbons RJ, Smith SC, Atar D, Luepker RV, Robertson RM, Bonow RO, Steg PG, O'Gara PT, Fox KAA. [Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018)]. Kardiologia polska. 2018:76(10):1383-1415. doi: 10.5603/KP.2018.0203. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 30338834]
[15]
Mendis S, Thygesen K, Kuulasmaa K, Giampaoli S, Mähönen M, Ngu Blackett K, Lisheng L, Writing group on behalf of the participating experts of the WHO consultation for revision of WHO definition of myocardial infarction. World Health Organization definition of myocardial infarction: 2008-09 revision. International journal of epidemiology. 2011 Feb:40(1):139-46. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq165. Epub 2010 Oct 5
[PubMed PMID: 20926369]
[16]
Malik MA, Alam Khan S, Safdar S, Taseer IU. Chest Pain as a presenting complaint in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 2013 Apr:29(2):565-8
[PubMed PMID: 24353577]
[17]
Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, Mueller C, Valgimigli M, Andreotti F, Bax JJ, Borger MA, Brotons C, Chew DP, Gencer B, Hasenfuss G, Kjeldsen K, Lancellotti P, Landmesser U, Mehilli J, Mukherjee D, Storey RF, Windecker S, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European heart journal. 2016 Jan 14:37(3):267-315. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320. Epub 2015 Aug 29
[PubMed PMID: 26320110]
[18]
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, Writing Group on the Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, Jaffe AS, Katus HA, Apple FS, Lindahl B, Morrow DA, Chaitman BA, Clemmensen PM, Johanson P, Hod H, Underwood R, Bax JJ, Bonow RO, Pinto F, Gibbons RJ, Fox KA, Atar D, Newby LK, Galvani M, Hamm CW, Uretsky BF, Steg PG, Wijns W, Bassand JP, Menasché P, Ravkilde J, Ohman EM, Antman EM, Wallentin LC, Armstrong PW, Simoons ML, Januzzi JL, Nieminen MS, Gheorghiade M, Filippatos G, Luepker RV, Fortmann SP, Rosamond WD, Levy D, Wood D, Smith SC, Hu D, Lopez-Sendon JL, Robertson RM, Weaver D, Tendera M, Bove AA, Parkhomenko AN, Vasilieva EJ, Mendis S, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. European heart journal. 2012 Oct:33(20):2551-67. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs184. Epub 2012 Aug 24
[PubMed PMID: 22922414]
Level 1 (high-level) evidence
[19]
Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, Antunes MJ, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bueno H, Caforio ALP, Crea F, Goudevenos JA, Halvorsen S, Hindricks G, Kastrati A, Lenzen MJ, Prescott E, Roffi M, Valgimigli M, Varenhorst C, Vranckx P, Widimský P, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European heart journal. 2018 Jan 7:39(2):119-177. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28886621]
[20]
Weil BR, Suzuki G, Young RF, Iyer V, Canty JM Jr. Troponin Release and Reversible Left Ventricular Dysfunction After Transient Pressure Overload. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018 Jun 26:71(25):2906-2916. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.029. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 29929614]
[21]
Thygesen K, Mair J, Giannitsis E, Mueller C, Lindahl B, Blankenberg S, Huber K, Plebani M, Biasucci LM, Tubaro M, Collinson P, Venge P, Hasin Y, Galvani M, Koenig W, Hamm C, Alpert JS, Katus H, Jaffe AS, Study Group on Biomarkers in Cardiology of ESC Working Group on Acute Cardiac Care. How to use high-sensitivity cardiac troponins in acute cardiac care. European heart journal. 2012 Sep:33(18):2252-7
[PubMed PMID: 22723599]
[22]
Meine TJ, Roe MT, Chen AY, Patel MR, Washam JB, Ohman EM, Peacock WF, Pollack CV Jr, Gibler WB, Peterson ED, CRUSADE Investigators. Association of intravenous morphine use and outcomes in acute coronary syndromes: results from the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative. American heart journal. 2005 Jun:149(6):1043-9
[PubMed PMID: 15976786]
Level 2 (mid-level) evidence
[23]
Bonin M, Mewton N, Roubille F, Morel O, Cayla G, Angoulvant D, Elbaz M, Claeys MJ, Garcia-Dorado D, Giraud C, Rioufol G, Jossan C, Ovize M, Guerin P, CIRCUS Study Investigators. Effect and Safety of Morphine Use in Acute Anterior ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2018 Feb 10:7(4):. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006833. Epub 2018 Feb 10
[PubMed PMID: 29440010]
[24]
Patrono C, Morais J, Baigent C, Collet JP, Fitzgerald D, Halvorsen S, Rocca B, Siegbahn A, Storey RF, Vilahur G. Antiplatelet Agents for the Treatment and Prevention of Coronary Atherothrombosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2017 Oct 3:70(14):1760-1776. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.037. Epub
[PubMed PMID: 28958334]
[25]
Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney MT, Corrà U, Cosyns B, Deaton C, Graham I, Hall MS, Hobbs FDR, Løchen ML, Löllgen H, Marques-Vidal P, Perk J, Prescott E, Redon J, Richter DJ, Sattar N, Smulders Y, Tiberi M, van der Worp HB, van Dis I, Verschuren WMM, Binno S, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). European heart journal. 2016 Aug 1:37(29):2315-2381. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106. Epub 2016 May 23
[PubMed PMID: 27222591]